![]() ![]() ![]() Control variables include the respondents' age (as a proxy for experience), industry of employment, region, a quadratic in firm size, and the employer's ownership type. Results are taken from basic Mincerian wage equations relating the log of wages to years of schooling or a set of dummy variables for the highest degree obtained (with primary school as the reference group). 12 Each quarter, participating firms report wages and other characteristics for all workers they employed except top managers. The data were obtained from employer surveys conducted for the Czech and Slovak ministries of labor. In 1948, compulsory school attendance was increased to 9 years where it has remained for most of the last half century. ![]() Primary education has been compulsory since the late 17th century, with a minimum of 8 years required since 1869. ![]() Properly estimating the benefits of education requires understanding how the system has developed over time. The Czech and Slovak educational systems provide students with several paths. If communist ideology overvalued low-skilled proletarian workers relative to well-educated intellectuals, rates of return would be lower than in market economies and should increase during the transition. Theoretically, the change from a planned to a market economy could involve either increases or decreases in returns to education. The levels and changes in rewards to education during the transition from communism provide a fruitful topic for investigation. Section snippets Introduction and background ![]()
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